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My rough review indicates that courts almost always reject the void ab initio doctrine applied to incontestable marks\u2014unless the reason for applying it is one of the statutory bases for defeating incontestability. See MCCARTHY § 32:148. In the described scenario,
I think it's fraud/use to misrepresent source if it's anything (although you could probably try a contract claim, outside of the PTO, to force transfer of the registration's ownership, see
<b><a href="https://1.next.westlaw.com/Document/I35834680401511ed8fe08f68f29d3021/View/FullText.html?listSource=Search&navigationPath=Search%2fv1%2fresults%2fnavigation%2fi0a89908700000197655becb592bacd26%3fppcid%3d8da0df17434048dfac920de5ca0c483d%26Nav%3dCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3dI35834680401511ed8fe08f68f29d3021%26parentRank%3d0%26startIndex%3d1%26contextData%3d%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3dSearchItem&list=CASE&rank=13&listPageSource=f5b8d18149b97c0c7ad6bb7461d7a748&originationContext=docHeader&contextData=(sc.Search)&transitionType=Document&needToInjectTerms=False&enableBestPortion=True&docSource=ef5396a2ff504732b3b3bfdffe84d2e8&ppcid=626dd8f23c31494cbfcbadd5d574f1d9" id="OWA279d7d4e-764c-d36b-1b9f-c6e74621c9b2" class="co_drag co_draggabled co_drag_0 ui-draggable OWAAutoLink">Sköld
v. Sonoma Pharmaceuticals, Inc.</a> </b>31 F.Supp.3d 248 (E.D. Pa. 2022). </div>
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Rebecca Tushnet</div>
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she/her</div>
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Frank Stanton Professor of the First Amendment, Harvard Law School</div>
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703 593 6759</div>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> E-trademarks <e-trademarks-bounces@oppedahl-lists.com> on behalf of Ramon G. Vela Cordova via E-trademarks <e-trademarks@oppedahl-lists.com><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, June 12, 2025 1:51 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> For trademark practitioners. This is not for laypersons to seek legal advice. <e-trademarks@oppedahl-lists.com><br>
<b>Cc:</b> Ramon G. Vela Cordova <rvela@velacordova.com><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [E-trademarks] Ownership of trademark registration question between a Creator and a Licensee</font>
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<div>Hi Stephen,</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Assuming the license was valid and in force when the application was filed, the registration is probably void
<i>ab initio</i>. A licensee \u2014 even an exclusive licensee -- is not the real or intended trademark owner, since by definition they do not control the nature and quality of the goods or services. Applications filed by anyone other than a real or intended trademark
owner are void <i>ab initio</i>. </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Whether fleshing out that argument requires allegations about fraud, lack of use by the applicant, lack of
<i>bona fide</i> intent to use by the applicant, or other circumstances presumably depends on the facts at hand.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Now, I have seen some cases that go against the void-<i>ab-initio</i> rule in some circumstances, for instance allowing rectification of the register under Sec. 18. But this doesn\u2019t seem to be the current view. </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Best regards,</div>
<div>Ramón</div>
</div>
<div><br>
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<div><br>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div>On Jun 12, 2025, at 12:50\u202fPM, Crane, Susan via E-trademarks <e-trademarks@oppedahl-lists.com> wrote:</div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)">I think that is a risk. Haven\u2019t done research on the ability to cure/purge fraud. </span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)"> </span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(0,114,206)">Susan L. Crane</span></b></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(81,83,74)">Group Vice President, Legal</span></b></div>
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753-6455</span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(81,83,74)">M</span></b><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(81,83,74)"><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>(973)
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)"><a href="mailto:Susan.Crane@wyndham.com" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="color:rgb(70,120,134)">Susan.Crane@wyndham.com</span></a></span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>Dale
Quisenberry <<a href="mailto:dale@quisenberrylaw.com" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">dale@quisenberrylaw.com</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>Thursday, June 12, 2025 12:42 PM<br>
<b>To:</b><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>For trademark practitioners. This is not for laypersons to seek legal advice. <<a href="mailto:e-trademarks@oppedahl-lists.com" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">e-trademarks@oppedahl-lists.com</a>><br>
<b>Cc:</b><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>Crane, Susan <<a href="mailto:susan.crane@wyndham.com" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">susan.crane@wyndham.com</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [E-trademarks] Ownership of trademark registration question between a Creator and a Licensee</span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"> </div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:1pt; color:white">This is interesting. So, Susan, are you saying, because of the fraud, the existing registration is invalid and the fraud cannot be purged? So while
the rightful owner is entitled to the priority date, they must file a new application, which</span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif">This is interesting.</span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif"> </span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif">So, Susan, are you saying, because of the fraud, the existing registration is invalid and the fraud cannot be purged?</span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif"> </span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif">So while the rightful owner is entitled to the priority date, they must file a new application, which will only get
the benefit of that new filing date?</span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif"> </span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif">So any intervening applications could create problems?</span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Dale</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size:12pt">From:<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12pt">E-trademarks <<a href="mailto:e-trademarks-bounces@oppedahl-lists.com" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">e-trademarks-bounces@oppedahl-lists.com</a>>
on behalf of Crane, Susan via E-trademarks <<a href="mailto:e-trademarks@oppedahl-lists.com" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">e-trademarks@oppedahl-lists.com</a>><br>
<b>Date:<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Thursday, 12 June 2025 at 11:06</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif">\u202f</span><span style="font-size:12pt">am<br>
<b>To:<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>For trademark practitioners. This is not for laypersons to seek legal advice. <<a href="mailto:e-trademarks@oppedahl-lists.com" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">e-trademarks@oppedahl-lists.com</a>><br>
<b>Cc:<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Crane, Susan <<a href="mailto:susan.crane@wyndham.com" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">susan.crane@wyndham.com</a>><br>
<b>Subject:<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Re: [E-trademarks] Ownership of trademark registration question between a Creator and a Licensee</span></p>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)">No, that will not work. The examiner cannot make those kinds of decisions. You would need to cancel the
prior registration to overcome the citation.</span><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)"> </span><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(0,114,206)">Susan L. Crane</span></b><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(81,83,74)">Group Vice President, Legal</span></b><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(81,83,74)">Intellectual Property, Brands & Marketing</span></b><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(81,83,74)">Wyndham Hotels & Resorts, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(81,83,74)">22 Sylvan Way</span><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(81,83,74)">Parsippany, NJ 07054</span><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(81,83,74)">O</span></b><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(81,83,74)"><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>(973)
753-6455</span><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></div>
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879-3420</span><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)"><a href="mailto:Susan.Crane@wyndham.com" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="color:rgb(70,120,134)">Susan.Crane@wyndham.com</span></a></span><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>E-trademarks
<<a href="mailto:e-trademarks-bounces@oppedahl-lists.com" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">e-trademarks-bounces@oppedahl-lists.com</a>><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>On Behalf Of<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Stephen
McArthur via E-trademarks<br>
<b>Sent:</b><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>Thursday, June 12, 2025 11:27 AM<br>
<b>To:</b><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>For trademark practitioners. This is not for laypersons to seek legal advice. <<a href="mailto:e-trademarks@oppedahl-lists.com" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">e-trademarks@oppedahl-lists.com</a>><br>
<b>Cc:</b><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>Stephen McArthur <<a href="mailto:stephen@smcarthurlaw.com" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">stephen@smcarthurlaw.com</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [E-trademarks] Ownership of trademark registration question between a Creator and a Licensee</span><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:1pt; color:white">Could Creator file his own trademark application and when the senior registration is inevitably cited against it in an Office Action, produce the
license showing the owner of the senior trademark is their licensee in order to overcome the refusal?</span><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">Could Creator file his own trademark application and when the senior registration is inevitably cited against it in an Office Action, produce the license showing
the owner of the senior trademark is their licensee in order to overcome the refusal? </span></div>
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<b><span style="color:rgb(241,194,50)">The McArthur Law Firm<br>
</span></b>Stephen Charles McArthur<br>
<span style="color:rgb(32,33,36)">8383 Wilshire Blvd., Ste. 800<br>
Beverly Hills, CA 90211<br>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">On Thu, Jun 12, 2025 at 1:06</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif">\u202f</span><span style="font-size:12pt">AM Carl Oppedahl via E-trademarks
<<a href="mailto:e-trademarks@oppedahl-lists.com" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">e-trademarks@oppedahl-lists.com</a>> wrote:</span></div>
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<p>What she said!</p>
<p>Thank you Susan for posting. Carl</p>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">On 6/11/2025 6:59 PM, Crane, Susan via E-trademarks wrote:</span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">I think there is a risk the registration is void for fraud. The original applicant/licensee knew it had no rights but attested otherwise in its application. That
would be the basis of the cancellation action filed by Creator or someone else down the line. <span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">Since by contract and licensing law, the creator can claim the original first use date, true priority is not lost. </span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">Susan L. Crane</span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">Group Vice President, Legal</span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">Intellectual Property, Brands & Marketing</span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt"> </span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">Wyndham Hotels & Resorts, Inc.</span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">22 Sylvan Way</span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">Parsippany, NJ 07054</span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">O (973) 753-6455</span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">M (973) 879-3420</span></div>
<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt"><a href="mailto:Susan.Crane@wyndham.com" target="_blank" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">Susan.Crane@wyndham.com</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size:12pt">On Jun 11, 2025, at 7:59</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif">\u202f</span><span style="font-size:12pt">PM, Scott Landsbaum via E-trademarks<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:e-trademarks@oppedahl-lists.com" target="_blank" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><e-trademarks@oppedahl-lists.com></a><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>wrote:</span></p>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif">\ufeff</span><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">Isn't this a contract dispute and not a USPTO issue? Why would the creator want to cancel the registration and lose the priority vs other third parties? Regards,
Scott Scott Landsbaum, Inc. 323-314-7881 / f 323-714-2454 8306 Wilshire Blvd.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif">\u200a</span><span style="font-size:12pt">,</span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">Isn't this a contract dispute and not a USPTO issue? Why would the creator want to cancel the registration and lose the priority vs other third parties?</span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">Regards,</span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">Scott</span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">Scott Landsbaum, Inc.</span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt"><a href="tel:323-314-7881" target="_blank" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">323-314-7881</a> / f 323-714-2454 </span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">8306 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 420, Beverly Hills, CA 90211</span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">On Wed, Jun 11, 2025 at 4:37</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Arial,sans-serif">\u202f</span><span style="font-size:12pt">PM Stephen McArthur via E-trademarks
<<a href="mailto:e-trademarks@oppedahl-lists.com" target="_blank" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">e-trademarks@oppedahl-lists.com</a>> wrote:</span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">I've got a hypothetical here that I'd love some feedback on. </span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">Creator enters into a contract with a third-party Seller to manufacture and sell his product bearing a Trademark. The contract clearly sets out that the Trademark
is exclusively licensed to Seller, but not assigned to it. Creator never sold the product himself, but just had some demo versions that he showed off at conventions. </span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt"> </span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">Seller then registers the trademark at the USPTO identifying itself as the owner. Years pass and the trademark is now incontestable. Seller has been making and selling
the very successful Product bearing the Trademark for years under the license, and writing monthly checks to Creator. </span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt"><br>
Creator now decides he wants the trademark registration in his name and for it to be assigned to him. Despite the contract only licensing and not assigning the trademark, Seller refuses to comply with the assignment since 6 years have passed since the trademark
was registered in Seller's name without Creator ever saying anything. </span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">On what basis, if any, could Creator file a Cancellation for the incontestable trademark registration? </span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">Could Creator file his own trademark application and when the original registration is cited against it in an Office Action, produce the license showing the owner
of the senior trademark is their licensee in order to get around the refusal? </span></div>
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<div style="margin:0in; font-size:10pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt"><br>
Thanks in advance for any guidance!</span></div>
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<b>The McArthur Law Firm<br>
</b>Stephen Charles McArthur<br>
8383 Wilshire Blvd., Ste. 800<br>
Beverly Hills, CA 90211<br>
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<div style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; word-wrap:break-word">
<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important">Best
regards,</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px">
<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important">RGVC</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px">
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<span><img alt="VCL Email Sig 2 TMP.png" data-outlook-trace="F:1|T:1" src="cid:D4B51658-9753-4301-990B-21802919CBB2"></span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px">
<br style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px">
<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important">CONFIDENTIALITY
NOTICE</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px">
<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important">This
is a confidential and privileged</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important"> </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important">communication
between the sender and the</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important"> </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important">intended
recipient(s). Access to this</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important"> </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important">communication
by anyone else is unauthorized. It</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important"> </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important">is
prohibited and unlawful for any unintended</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important"> </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important">recipient
to disclose, copy, distribute, or use in any</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important"> </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important">other
way the contents of this communication or</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important"> </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important">any
attachment thereto. If you have received this</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important"> </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important">communication
in error, please delete it</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important"> </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important">immediately
and notify the sender at (787) 594-</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; float:none; display:inline!important">0481.
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