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<p>What he said. If anybody wonders what "and/or" means in a patent
claim, we already know the answer. The term "A and/or B" means "A
or B or 'A and B'". There is no reason to spend additional time
or energy working on some other way to say it. And yes, if an
Examiner gripes about the term "A and/or B" in a claim, the way to
shut up the Examiner is to make an amendment as to form that is "A
or B or 'A and B'". The scope of the claim will be unchanged for
Festo purposes and for all other purposes.</p>
<p>Yes I get it that sometimes the A and the B have high word
counts. Too bad so sad. Yes when we then do the symbol
manipulation that converts "A and/or B" into "A or B or 'A and
B'", we may end up with a wholly unreadable claim and a word count
in the hundreds. To the extent that blame must be assigned, it
lands on the Examiner. Everybody already knew what "and/or" meant
but the Examiner played dumb on this. Too bad so sad.</p>
<p>Look for the silver lining in the cloud. If there had been any
doubt about whether the claim was patentable under <a
href="https://blog.oppedahl.com/imbrication/">the four-finger
rule</a>, the amendment to do the symbol manipulation that
converts "A and/or B" into "A or B or 'A and B'" will eliminate
any doubt as to patentability.<br>
</p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 12/1/2023 7:50 PM, David Boundy via
Patentpractice wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CAJwugqGLGkHWQad7hVOrfWeK2x5NZTb0ArWSA0_-GENn_f4bng@mail.gmail.com">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<div dir="ltr">
<div>A couple people asked about why I hold my view that
definitions are Bad Bad Bad. Reasons to lose definitions --</div>
<div> 0. for definitions that track the dictionary
definition, there's NO upside. It's just a waste.<br>
</div>
<div> 1. They tie your future litigator's hands. A
successful enforcement action has to get a claim construction
that is not too narrow, not too broad, just right. Every
definition takes away a degree of freedom that your litigator
might need.</div>
<div> 2. It takes away flexibility that you will likely
need. during prosecution.<br>
</div>
<div> 3. It gives infringers a green light -- some degree
of ambiguity is your friend for some portions of a patent's
life.<br>
</div>
<div> 4. Inevitably, if you have more than a page or so,
there will be an error. Typically that error will be about
some corner case you didn't think about. Then you're really
screwed.</div>
<div> 5. Technology evolves. Often technology words take
on broader meanings over time. A definition as of the time of
filing will lock out that future progress. Staley v Cultor is
a perfect case to illustrate the problem -- the patent had a
definition <i><b>taken from the relevant FDA reg</b></i>--which
you would think would be safe. But the preferred synthesis
for the compound changed over time. So a definition led
directly to non-infringement of a nine-figure patent.<br>
</div>
<div> 6. Examiners almost never look at definitions in the
spec. Getting the examiner to credit a definition in the spec
will almost always waste an office Action. So put the words
IN THE CLAIM.</div>
<div> 7. They lead to lazy writing.<br>
</div>
<div> 8. PCT, it costs you $15/page for zero upside.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>In over 30 years, I don't think I have included three
definitions in my specs. Every time I have taken over a case
with a bunch of definitions, these damn definitions have been
a huge problem.<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>In the spec, I give definitions using word of example,
followed by examples, not words of definition:
"Tyraonosoursous platformate may be oxide of 2- or 3-platen,
complexed with tyranosor fluoride, oxide, or bromide, in its
up, down, charm, strange, bottom, or top flavor." I
sometimes put definitions in dependent claims<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>I've written a longer essay on why definitions are bad bad
bad several times to these lists -- if you search the archives
for the word "Cultor" you'll find a longer essay.<br>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Dec 1, 2023 at 7:58 PM
David Boundy <<a href="mailto:DavidBoundyEsq@gmail.com"
moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">DavidBoundyEsq@gmail.com</a>>
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote"
style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="auto">Boilerplate definitions of this sort will do
you more harm than good. Lose the whole bunch.</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Dec 1, 2023, 2:57
PM George Jakobsche via Patentpractice <<a
href="mailto:patentpractice@oppedahl-lists.com"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">patentpractice@oppedahl-lists.com</a>>
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote"
style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div style="overflow-wrap: break-word;" lang="EN-US">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt">For
whatever it is worth, my template patent
application includes the following boilerplate
language:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt">As
used herein, including in the claims, the term
“and/or,” used in connection with a list of items
or categories, means one or more of the items or
categories in the list, i.e., at least one of the
items or categories in the list, but not
necessarily all the items in the list and not
necessarily one item from each category in the
list. As used herein, including in the claims, the
term “or,” used in connection with a list of items
or categories, means one or more of the items or
categories in the list, i.e., at least one of the
items or categories in the list, but not
necessarily all the items in the list and not
necessarily one item from each category in the
list. “Or” does not mean “exclusive or,” and “or”
does not mean “at least one from each (category).”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt"> </span></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt">Best
regards,</span></p>
<div
style="border-color:currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style:none none solid;border-width:medium medium 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 1pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12pt">George</span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt">George
Jakobsche Patent Counsel PLLC</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt">39
Old Farm Road, Concord, MA 01742-5234</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt"><a
href="mailto:George@JakobscheLaw.com"
rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="color:rgb(5,99,193)">George@JakobscheLaw.com</span></a>
| +1-978-245-8100</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This e-mail is from George
Jakobsche Patent Counsel PLLC, a law firm, and
it may contain confidential or privileged
information. If you are not the intended
recipient, do not read, copy, or distribute this
message or any attachment(s). Instead, please
notify the sender and delete the message and the
attachment(s). Thank you.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt"> </span></p>
<div
id="m_-4115428830930365076m_5498788859378822975mail-editor-reference-message-container">
<div>
<div
style="border-color:rgb(181,196,223) currentcolor currentcolor;border-style:solid none none;border-width:1pt medium medium;padding:3pt 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt"><b><span
style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;color:black">From:
</span></b><span
style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;color:black">Patentpractice
<<a
href="mailto:patentpractice-bounces@oppedahl-lists.com" rel="noreferrer"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">patentpractice-bounces@oppedahl-lists.com</a>>
on behalf of Bryan McWhorter via
Patentpractice <<a
href="mailto:patentpractice@oppedahl-lists.com" rel="noreferrer"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">patentpractice@oppedahl-lists.com</a>><br>
<b>Date: </b>Friday, December 1, 2023 at
2:24</span><span
style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span
style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;color:black">PM<br>
<b>To: </b>For patent practitioners. This
is not for laypersons to seek legal advice.
<<a
href="mailto:patentpractice@oppedahl-lists.com" rel="noreferrer"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">patentpractice@oppedahl-lists.com</a>><br>
<b>Cc: </b>Bryan McWhorter <<a
href="mailto:bryan@bggm.net"
rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">bryan@bggm.net</a>><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Patentpractice] The
use of "and/or" in claims</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">I generally agree
with you David, though I take issue with the
BRI of "and/or" being "or" (potentially in
an exclusive sense, though the examiner does
not seem to say). It's true that and/or
<i>encompasses</i> 'exclusive or', and so
this interpretation may work for art-based
rejections (at least to some extent). But
for other sections--Section 112 for
example--or for more complicated 103
questions, it's important to remember that
"exclusive or" is <i>not </i>the broadest
reasonable interpretation of "and/or".</span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">To be clear, I
concur that 'and/or' is not in any way
open to multiple interpretations. </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">Bryan</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">On Fri, Dec 1, 2023
at 10:57 AM David Boundy via
Patentpractice <<a
href="mailto:patentpractice@oppedahl-lists.com" rel="noreferrer"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">patentpractice@oppedahl-lists.com</a>>
wrote:</span></p>
</div>
<blockquote
style="border-color:currentcolor currentcolor currentcolor rgb(204,204,204);border-style:none none none solid;border-width:medium medium medium 1pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in">
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">PL>
questions examiners interpretation
of and/or</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"><br>
I agree with the several comments
that the examiner's interpretation
is the correct "broadest reasonable
interpretation"</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">RS> So we
agree using "and/or" in claims is
open to multiple interpretations<br>
<br>
I disagree EMPHATICALLY with RS.
"and/or" has one and only one
meaning, "inclusive or." Naked
"or" is ambiguous, either "inclusive
or" or "exclusive or" with no
predictable rhyme or reeason. A
cynic could easily conclude that --</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">Naked "or"
means "exclusive or" if the
defendant raises a non-infringement
defense. Naked "or" means
"inclusive or" if the defendant
raises an invalidity defense.</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">I NEVER use
naked "or." I always use something
that is unambiguous -- "and/or"
often is my choice. If the examiner
says this is indefinite, I often
cite Gross, see Bryan Wheelock's
email.</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">You also have
to watch out for forms that can mean
"any one of x y or z in pure form,
no mixtures or alloys." Any
ambiguity gives a defendant a free
option to choose invalidity or
noninfringement.</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">On Fri,
Dec 1, 2023, 12:09 PM Randy
Smith via Patentpractice <<a
href="mailto:patentpractice@oppedahl-lists.com" rel="noreferrer"
target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">patentpractice@oppedahl-lists.com</a>>
wrote:</span></p>
</div>
<blockquote
style="border-color:currentcolor currentcolor currentcolor rgb(204,204,204);border-style:none none none solid;border-width:medium medium medium 1pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">So we
agree using "and/or" in claims
is open to multiple
interpretations. If you don't
want to create a potential
$$$litigation issue, use
unambiguous language like "at
least one of A, B or C" as
suggested below. </span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">I
agree the examiner uses the
broadest interpretation in
prosecution so he/she just
needs a reference with any
of them. </span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">On
Fri, Dec 1, 2023, 10:04
Patent Lawyer via
Patentpractice <<a
href="mailto:patentpractice@oppedahl-lists.com" rel="noreferrer"
target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">patentpractice@oppedahl-lists.com</a>>
wrote:</span></p>
</div>
<blockquote
style="border-color:currentcolor currentcolor currentcolor rgb(204,204,204);border-style:none none none solid;border-width:medium medium medium 1pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in">
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt">We've
seen this before, but I
cannot find the
discussion.</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt"> </span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt">In
an office action, an
examiner writes:</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt"> </span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span
style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">All
claim limitations that
include "and/or" are
interpreted as "or".
If applicant disagrees
with this
interpretation, they
are invited to amend
the "and/or" to "and".</span></i><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt"> </span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt">I
believe the examiner is
wrong! And I will point
that out.</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt"> </span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt">BUT
I recall that there was
some case that discussed
this.
</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt">I
would appreciate a
pointer to a case or
other reference
discussing this issue.
</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt">Thanks
in advance.</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">-- <br>
Patentpractice mailing list<br>
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</blockquote>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">-- <br>
Patentpractice mailing list<br>
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</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:12pt"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">On Fri, Dec
1, 2023, 12:09 PM Randy Smith via
Patentpractice <<a
href="mailto:patentpractice@oppedahl-lists.com" rel="noreferrer"
target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">patentpractice@oppedahl-lists.com</a>>
wrote:</span></p>
</div>
<blockquote
style="border-color:currentcolor currentcolor currentcolor rgb(204,204,204);border-style:none none none solid;border-width:medium medium medium 1pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">So we
agree using "and/or" in claims
is open to multiple
interpretations. If you don't
want to create a potential
$$$litigation issue, use
unambiguous language like "at
least one of A, B or C" as
suggested below. </span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">I agree
the examiner uses the broadest
interpretation in prosecution
so he/she just needs a
reference with any of them. </span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">On Fri,
Dec 1, 2023, 10:04 Patent
Lawyer via Patentpractice <<a
href="mailto:patentpractice@oppedahl-lists.com" rel="noreferrer"
target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">patentpractice@oppedahl-lists.com</a>>
wrote:</span></p>
</div>
<blockquote
style="border-color:currentcolor currentcolor currentcolor rgb(204,204,204);border-style:none none none solid;border-width:medium medium medium 1pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in">
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt">We've
seen this before, but I
cannot find the
discussion.</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt"> </span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt">In
an office action, an
examiner writes:</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt"> </span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span
style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">All
claim limitations that
include "and/or" are
interpreted as "or". If
applicant disagrees with
this interpretation,
they are invited to
amend the "and/or" to
"and".</span></i><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt"> </span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt">I
believe the examiner is
wrong! And I will point
that out.</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt"> </span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt">BUT
I recall that there was
some case that discussed
this.
</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt">I
would appreciate a pointer
to a case or other
reference discussing this
issue.
</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt">Thanks
in advance.</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">-- <br>
Patentpractice mailing list<br>
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</blockquote>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">-- <br>
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</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:12pt"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">On Fri, Dec
1, 2023, 12:09 PM Randy Smith via
Patentpractice <<a
href="mailto:patentpractice@oppedahl-lists.com" rel="noreferrer"
target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">patentpractice@oppedahl-lists.com</a>>
wrote:</span></p>
</div>
<blockquote
style="border-color:currentcolor currentcolor currentcolor rgb(204,204,204);border-style:none none none solid;border-width:medium medium medium 1pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">So we agree
using "and/or" in claims is open
to multiple interpretations. If
you don't want to create a
potential $$$litigation issue,
use unambiguous language like "at
least one of A, B or C" as
suggested below. </span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">I agree
the examiner uses the broadest
interpretation in prosecution so
he/she just needs a reference
with any of them. </span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">On Fri,
Dec 1, 2023, 10:04 Patent Lawyer
via Patentpractice <<a
href="mailto:patentpractice@oppedahl-lists.com" rel="noreferrer"
target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">patentpractice@oppedahl-lists.com</a>>
wrote:</span></p>
</div>
<blockquote
style="border-color:currentcolor currentcolor currentcolor rgb(204,204,204);border-style:none none none solid;border-width:medium medium medium 1pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in">
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt">We've
seen this before, but I
cannot find the discussion.</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt"> </span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt">In an
office action, an examiner
writes:</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt"> </span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span
style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">All
claim limitations that
include "and/or" are
interpreted as "or". If
applicant disagrees with
this interpretation, they
are invited to amend the
"and/or" to "and".</span></i><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt"> </span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt">I
believe the examiner is
wrong! And I will point
that out.</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt"> </span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt">BUT I
recall that there was some
case that discussed this.
</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt">I
would appreciate a pointer
to a case or other reference
discussing this issue.
</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:14pt">Thanks
in advance.</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
</div>
</div>
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